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Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Turkey’s Response and Black Sea Access Issues

Published Mar 11, 2022Updated Jun 21, 2025

The Congressional Research Service is a nonpartisan policy and legal analysis arm of the Library of Congress. CRS reports are written for members of Congress and their staff, not the public — but they’re made available openly through Congress.gov.

Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Turkey’s Response and Black Sea Access Issues — Informed