An amendment which overturns five 1989 Supreme Court decisions, a function also addressed in the original text of H.R. 1. The amendment in the nature of a substitute also parallels other provisions of H.R. 1, including the clarification of awarding of attorneys' fees in Title VII cases. The amendment also introduces several changes from H.R. 1. Some of those changes deal with the prohibition of using hiring quotas by employers; the prohibition of "race norming" (the adjustment of test scores based on race, sex, religion, or national origin); the placement of a $150,000 cap on punitive damages in Title VII cases, or the amount of compensatory damages; statements which point out that the legislation's provisions, in place of a finding of "manifest injustice", may not be applied retroactively to vacate final court orders; and revisions of the standard of "business necessity" for businesses to justify an employment practice having a discriminatory impact.